Satellite imagery maps Haiti’s sociopolitical landscape Daniel Collins Jan 16

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A key factor in the magnitude of the disaster the followed the earthquake in Haiti last week, and will continue to follow for weeks or months, was the society’s high vulnerability and low resilience. A key factor is this is poor governance.

We are probably aware of the political turmoil that rolls through Haiti from time to time – the 2004 rebellion, for example. There is no standing army, a weak police force, and corruption is taken for granted.

But we can also get a sense of Haiti’s sociopolitical institutions from satellite imagery, and make comparisons with its neighbour the Dominican Republic.

Go to Google Earth and follow the Haiti-Dominican Republic border from coast to coast. You’ll see tangible differences in land management practices and in urban planning.

Haiti is less forested, and its remaining forest seems to be there just because it hasn’t yet been cleared. Coherent agricultural units are smaller. Urban units are smaller. Dominican Republic land users appear to preferentially avoid farming streams or rivers, probably reflecting the use of farm machinery or erosion control. Light splotches in the cleared Haitian portion of second image are possibly the remnants of fires used in the course of the clearance. In each of these images, Haiti is to the left of yellow line.

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HaitiBorder2
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Water news haikus no. 8 Daniel Collins Jan 15

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How could I forget
Events distilled like sake
Yes, haikus are back

Science

Disrupted monsoon
A model where mountains rule
Not Tibet plateau

In the great north lakes
Evap now trumps precip in
Lake level changes

New Zealand

Shortfalls of water
Enter garden restrictions
Zero to xeri

International

How not to write news
Alternet’s coverage error
Panned by blog critics

Plummeting lake height
Yields fewer fish, more migrants
Next stop: Chad dust bowl

Epic fight for wealth
Water book tracks history
You are what you read

Equipment destroyed
As punishment, vandals must
Risk crocs for water

Haiti earthquake Daniel Collins Jan 14

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The magnitude 7.0 earthquake that Haiti on Tuesday is estimated to have killed more than 100,000 people. With the collapse of hospitals and impoverished emergency services, fatalities will continue to mount.

In disasters like this, unless you have particular expertise in disaster response, donating to the Red Cross is the best thing you can do. Either NZ Red Cross or, probably better, the American Red Cross.

Disasters like this can be broken down into several phases.

Phase 1 – The initial earthquake and aftershock levels buildings, immediately killing and injuring a huge number of people. Infrastructure such as power or water supplies are damaged or destroyed, as are service providers such as hospitals and security.

Phase 2. Search and rescue begins immediately, at least by the locals. Fatalities continue as the injured are unable to get necessary treatment. Haiti is the poorest nation in the Americas; its vulnerability is high and resilience extremely low. While the country remains in shock, international attention starts to bring disaster relief, which is best aimed at treating the injured and supplying food and water. Since this is Haiti, international aid will also come in the form of security. Low-level crime begins, though it will be tempered by culture and available resources to loot.

Phase 3. Search and rescue is now supported by international teams. Most of those injured during phase 1 have either died or are stable. Public health will begin to be a problem due to the many corpses. Corpse removal and mass burial begins. International aid subsides a little, with the balance shifting to restoring life-support services (power and water). Low-level crime continues, but given the willingness for the international community to send security personnel to Haiti, it will not get out of hand. The initial shock will transition into a variety of other emotions, ranging from fatalism and depression to courage. The flow of international concern will play a significant role here.

Phase 4. Post-disaster reconstruction. Haiti has no capacity for this, so it will again be supported by international aid. Corpse removal continues. Public health is still a concern. Attention will spread from life-supporting services to longer-term services: rebuilding hospitals, roads, schools. While international donations will have fallen off, they are still extremely valuable. Used wisely, they can be administered in ways that reduce the impacts of “the next one” – earthquake resistant hospital buildings at the top of the list. Aid will now be directed at rebuilding what little economic and agricultural activities Haiti can sustain.

For continuing coverage, as well as historical articles that can provide a social context for the disaster, see the New York Times’ Haiti archive.

For footage and images of Haiti between phase 1 and phase 2, see BBC and NYT.

For on-going collation of facts, visit Wikipedia.

For a basic description of Haiti’s geological setting, visit Highly Allochthonous.

My thoughts go out to those affected.

Update 14/1/10: I was remiss not to mention shelter. Phase 1: In this size of earthquake, many people would have lost their homes, and as the aftershocks roll on, survivors would have gathered important resources and found places to sleep – perhaps makeshift, perhaps in less-than-ideal locations. Phase 2: International aid brings in tents, tarps and blankets. If fitting, a tent city may emerge in an open space, though I imagine people in Haiti will just continue to retrofit what they have. Phase 4: Rebuilding begins, even before all debris is removed. While most buildings will look as they were before the earthquake, I expect the magnitude of the impacts this time will encourage rebuilding with more resistant structures for the more important functions (e.g., hospitals, government).

Water trend spotting for 2010 Daniel Collins Jan 12

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World marketing communications brand, JMT, released a ‘100 Things to Watch in 2010′ list at the end of last year. Not hydrological trends but cultural, and geared towards affluent and Western nations. Water made an appearance in seven of them, explicitly or implicitly:

Water Footprint Tracking

2009 wasn’t a bad year for this, but 2010 will probably be even better. Tony Allen, the mind behind the ‘virtual water’ concept has a book out this year on that very topic – I assume and hope his audience is the general public. I wonder if ‘virtual water’ will become a catch phrase in North America or Europe. I think NZ will cotton on too, but ever so reluctantly. The Royal Society of NZ released a backgrounder last year, to which I contributed but it was really the work of Brent Clothier. It didn’t seem to make a hit in government; the Ministry for the Environment isn’t thinking about it – tsk tsk. And yet last year the Listener cited Clothier as the #4 name in environmental moving-and-shaking – one of the few scientists to get recognition.

Recycling Gray Water

This has also started getting momentum, at least in the US. The water shortages in California will no doubt help. I see last year’s arrival of Chance of Rain as another indicator that urban garden water use is making people think; CA has quite a few water blogs now, probably the best represented US state. Colorado’s easing of restrictions of rain barrels is another indicator of more laissez faire residential hydrology. WorldChanging also notes a trend in urban water use, ostensibly in the context of adapting to climate change.

The Waterless Washing Machine

Now this is a new one for me. I would have thought it a European innovation, but no. The nearly waterless washing machine uses nylon beads to clean fabric. Interesting. While it’ll hit the markets this year, I expect the price tag to be prohibitively high for much uptake. Besides, dual-flush toilets are still a novelty in the US compared with NZ, so I don’t really think they’re in tune with house-hold water-use efficiency quite yet. Put a (higher) price tag on water, and that’ll change.

Return of the Water Fountain

Another interesting one, and rather ironic given the suite of water-saving trends in the list. I imagine the reason stems from a need for more public art and a drive to get back to ‘nature’. What would be really nice is if the fountains were rain water- or gray water-driven.

Greening the Palate

Now this wasn’t meant to be about water, at least not 100%, but water does play a big role in what we eat (see water footprinting above). I expect more people to buy products according to a suite of environmental indicators. The challenge, as I see it, is to develop indicators that are both tangible for the consumer and meaningful for the environment. A gripe I have with virtual water is that it is not as meaningful for environmental sustainability as it ought to be. A further challenge is to develop them fast, before consumers lock themselves into a sub-optimal system.

Green Retrofits

Again, not 100% about water. Energy and materials are probably the main focus, but water-use efficiency and storage will be a factor in affluent, semi-arid regions. Rain barrels, gray water reuse, dual flush toilets. Western Europe is ahead of the US on this one, but the US is catching up.

Dry Shampoo

I see a market for this – waterless shampoo. And not just for business travellers – for anyone who is strict about keeping up appearances. It’s not so much about water conservation though. And the ironic thing is, if we didn’t use traditional shampoos religiously, we probably wouldn’t need shampoo as much, though we would need water.

Nor-westers and apricot brandy Daniel Collins Jan 09

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I just returned from an important excursion north to Woodend this morning. I was running out of apricot brandy, a crucial ingredient for periodistas. Apparently the Kiwi palate hasn’t acquired a taste, so liquor stores don’t stock it, let alone know it exists. The Prenzel store had one last bottle.

And as I drove there and back, I crossed the Waimakariri River. It was flowing high and muddy. It’s blowing a nor’wester at the moment, which for the uninitiated means warm winds that have had their moisture stripped from them by the Southern Alps. This moisture, originally from the Tasman Sea, fell as rain 100-200 km west, in the headwaters of Canterbury’s rivers, and is the reason the Waimak is running high and muddy.

Even though it may be hot and sunny well east of the main divide, its rivers can still flood. ECan has issued a flood warning for the Waitaki and Rangitata Rivers. And from the Ecan website:

“For the third time this week, as a result of heavy thundery rain along the Main Divide, the major alpine rivers of Canterbury will be flowing bank to bank. People are advised to stay clear of the beds of the Waiau, Hurunui, Waimakariri and Rakaia rivers Sunday through Monday morning.”

This kind of weather is more conducive for mojitos than periodistas, but if you want the recipe: 3 parts dark rum, 1 part triple sec, 1 part apricot brandy, 1 part lime juice, and 1 part basic syrup; iced and strained into a cocktail glass; optional garnish of lemon or lime peel.

Update: Winds in Christchurch seem to be a bit more nor-easterly, but the isobars over the South Island are as crooked as the Büyük Menderes River.

NZ beaches: Contaminated as Daniel Collins Jan 08

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“Due to water pollution the public are warned against swimming, fishing and taking shellfish in this vicinity.”

So say health warnings on many of our beaches. Almost a third of our beaches, lakes and rivers were deemed unsafe by MfE during the 08-09 summer, according to a Consumer NZ report covered by NZ Herald.

I’d tell you more if I were willing to pay for the report, but no dice I’m afraid.

Russell Norman weighs in, decrying the worsening state of our environment. On the other hand, an environmental scientist at the Manukau City Council says some sites are improving, and that you should never expect a pristine urban beach.

I wonder if an MfE representative was invited to comment, or a civil and environmental engineering professor.

Degraded urban beach water quality is a side-effect of, mainly, sewerage treatment and localised disposal. Affluent cities can improve water quality by way of ocean outfalls, longer ocean outfalls, secondary treatment, tertiary treatment, or the elimination of combined sewer overflow systems.

But these aren’t cheap options, and there is no free lunch. If we want cleaner beaches near cities, we will have to pay.

In their own words: Artists for Save Our Water Daniel Collins Dec 16

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I’ve had an affinity with art since before I can remember. I went through a Seurat phase in primary school. Chalked up an asphalt car park with Picasso’s Guernica. And explained numerical modelling for my PhD defense with Colin McCahon.

Art and science both seek to offer narratives about the world. Science takes the objective path, or close to it, while art meanders along the more subjective. But they often overlap or complement each other, as was the case at COCA last Saturday.

The exhibition was by Artists for Save Our Water, an ensemble of 12 artists gathered essentially to protest against a reservoir and irrigation scheme that had been proposed for central Canterbury. I covered Saturday’s closing reception previously. (The Press was there, but they didn’t seem to be taking notes.)

After the reception, I took the opportunity to talk to a couple of the artists about their work.

Margaret Ryley is an artist and potter based in North Canterbury. While Artists for Save our Water is in its second year, she has been depicting water in her pieces for much longer. Her initial inspiration was the Ashley.

“I grew up playing in the river, observing the river, feeling the stones.”

But over time, Ryley has noticed things change. Both along the Ashley and the larger Waimakariri just north of Christchurch.

“The Waimakariri was this large river that you went over going into Christchurch. And in earlier years I can remember it flooding. I can remember my father having to go up round the gorge to get into Christchurch because then there was a huge volume of water. It’s not been the same since…”

It is this new, quieter river that Ryley conveys through her artwork. Pieces of pottery and porcelain lie scattered along an arc, the small white porcelain pieces framing the larger glazed clays, fitting materials for a river. There was no definite boundary, and in fact the pieces had been moved slightly by observers, much the same way that real rivers are.

The white porcelain pieces are the white stones of the river. Their occasional black lines represent both bridge and geological past. Of the clay pieces, the walnut ash glaze gives a golden colour, the copper a blue to mimic the water. But there isn’t much blue.

Ryley says of the rivers:

“There are more and more piles of stones and less and less water.”

Her concern is that a natural and beautiful ecosystem is being degraded by careless use. Nesting birds are deprived of suitable nesting sites. Charismatic braids lost. These are risks posed by greater abstraction of water.

As part of the Save Our Water project, the 12 artists toured the Waimakariri River, and the site of the proposed reservoir. I asked Ryley what new insights she garnered from this experience.

The first was the sense of how fleeting anything you do to the rocks was. They could become your canvas, but before too long the river would wash the canvas away.

“But also the magnitude of what people were trying to do to make use of the water which they see as being wasted going out to sea without any regard for the natural order of things. And to look at the area that they wish to dam, to have only the hilltops which would be islands in the middle of a dam, and a great dam that overshadowed the township of Coalgate. It’s just horrifying that people could think that they could do that.”

The second artist I spoke with was painter Linda James. She has not always focused on rivers…

“But I have actually always done water; something about the power of the water.”

James is fascinated by the constancy and patterns of water flow, its circularity, its eddies. These features come across strongly in her three large paintings, each of a waterfall. Not of the Waimakarari, but made out as picturesque postcards.

I noticed the unconventional canvases: free-hanging, unframed and comprising a patchwork of smaller canvas pieces.

“I like the way it makes a texture and you get separate patterns going. Like you’ll get the big picture and then you’ll get the patterns of the surface.”

In one corner of one painting she has written the words ‘Out of the chaos’.

“There’s always these patterns that are formed in whatever you look at. … There’s somehow these patterns are always there but it’s so destructive. I mean if these rivers are in flood … Harmony can be so ruthless.”

Of the bigger picture of water use in Canterbury, James agrees that we should be growing crops and irrigating them, but not on such a large scale.

“It lacks any foresight.”

Artists and politicians gather to save Canterbury’s water Daniel Collins Dec 14

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Canterbury’s water management needs a serious overhaul, according to artists and activists who gathered for an art exhibition at Christchurch’s COCA on Saturday.

The exhibition featured works by 12 artists brought together by local artists Sally Hope and Jane Zusters for the second annual Artists for Save Our Water project. The focus this year was on the Waimakariri River, and the proposed Central Plains Water scheme.

The artwork chosen as the banner of the exhibition was a work by Ramonda Te Maiharoa. Her composite image depicted a river being blocked by a line of wooden-framed glass doors. In their centre was a door handle and key-hole. The message was simple: With the right key, the CPW’s reservoir in the Waianiwaniwa Valley need not be built. And indeed, ultimately, it was not.

In attendance were advocates and politicians of a range of stripes, but all in agreement on the need to improve water management.

Murray Rodgers, Chairman of the Water Rights Trust and author of ‘Canterbury’s Wicked Water’, spoke about the need to shift water management in Canterbury to balance economic and environmental needs. He emphasised the need to think long-term, and to replace “undisciplined growth” with “sustainable growth“.

Rodgers was highly critical of successive governments, both Labour and National, for their bureaucratic hold-up and inaction on freshwater management, despite many good reports produced by MfE.

Rodgers further decried the degrading waterways, unfit to swim in, and lays blame on unsustainable agricultural practices:

Cows are still shitting in some Canterbury waterways. Lowland streams run dry. Behaviours that cause the on-going rise in nitrate levels in ground and surface waters are expanding, those behaviours are not contracting.

Rodgers’ leadership on water issues was subsequently praised by Dr Russel Norman, co-leader of the Green Party. Norman went on to stress that it was the NGOs and volunteers that are ultimately moving the discussion forward.

According to Norman, these events surrounding local water management and agricultural intensification are small snapshots of a bigger pictures. In the long run, he said…

It’s about what kind of relationship do we want to have to the planet, and to our own local environment, and hence it’s about what kind of people do we want to be.

Brendan Burns, MP for Christchurch Central and Labour spokesperson for water issues, acknowledged Murray Rodgers’ speech, saying that “almost all of what he said was absolutely, bang-on correct,” and conceded Labour’s past actions have not been entirely to the benefit of sustainable water management.

Burns also called Canterbury’s track record on water management “woeful,” and cited a recent Ecan report claiming that 1 in 5 farmers had been in serious breach of resource management consents, but he balanced this by saying that he has yet to meet any farmer who actually wants to damage the environment.

Both Brendan Burns and his National Party counterpart, Nicky Wagner, echoed Russel Norman’s sentiment that the issue of water management was about who we are. Wagner specifically recognized the work of artist Nigel Brown, and his piece ‘Water Through the Fingers’.

Changing the tone after the politicians, or at least changing the vocabulary, was artist and author of ‘The Water Thieves’, Sam Mahon. Mahon provided a geological and birds-eye view of the Canterbury Plains, woven over millennia by the braided Waimakariri River and her sisters. To Mahon, water mismanagement risks putting the “eternal weaver” to sleep.

While much of Saturday’s event was taken up by speech, it was the artists’ visual and textural works that provided the speech’s context. After the event I had the opportunity to talk to two artists about their works, why they were attracted to the water issue, and what they sought to convey. I will share their words with you soon.

Christchurch art exhibit on local water fight Daniel Collins Dec 11

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Short notice, I know, but tomorrow is the last day of the Rivertalk exhibition at the COCA.

“Sponsored by The Malvern Hills Protection Society and Alpine Jets the artists journeyed the Waimakariri River seeking inspiration for this exhibition The artists celebrate through their art this magnificent braided river threatened by the proposed Central Plains Water Scheme. Accompanying this exhibition are the winning entries of an art competition for Canterbury School Children.”

The exhibit is ostensibly an environmental protest against certain water uses in Canterbury. From 2-4pm, Saturday 12, guest speakers will talk on water issues: Dr Russell Norman, co-leader of the Green Party, and Murray Rodgers, Chairman of the Water Rights Trust.

As water science communicator and landscape art fan, I shall be there.

Water news haikus no. 7 Daniel Collins Dec 11

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More regular than
India’s summer monsoon
But not quite as wet

Science

A seismic story
Of fluvial erosion
Around Gibraltar

Minimal model
Of monsoonal tipping point
Controlled by water

Historical links
Between war and temp’rature
What of climate change?

New Zealand

ECan’s head in sand:
Surface-groundwater exchange
Timaru study

Farmer to spill beans
On effluent management
After spilling crap

International

Water footprinting
Guide to water assessment
Virtual focus

Index of Banned Words
From science journalism
Some seem a tad odd

Water meter use
Encouraged in the UK
To control demand

Water as weapon
Or water as the trigger
Water conflict dates